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Sunday, November 25, 2012
COMPUTER SECURITY: RISKS AND SAFEGUARDS
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The World of Information Systems
The World of Information Systems:
Let us first consider the world of information systems practice, focusing on methods and techniques that have been in use since before the Internet.
What kinds of tasks and processes do information systems professionals engage in? What products do the processes produce? What quality concerns drive their daily work and improvement initiatives? How is the division of work organized among professional specialties, and within and across project organizations and industry sectors? Which areas of work can be automated, and which are retained as human tasks?
Processes
The predominant overarching organizing concept in most information systems curricula is that of the system development lifecycle
The overall process of creating and deploying an information system is broken down into a number of well-defined interdependent processes. These typically include planning, requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, design, implementation, operations and support, maintenance and evolution. Verification and validation, including testing, is another set of activities that needs to be carried out in parallel with the main production processes. Some of the lifecycle activities involve participation from users and stakeholders. For example, technical feasibility and business priorities and risks are reviewed at predefined checkpoints. When externally provided components or subsystems are involved, there are processes for procurement and integration. Processes are also needed to manage the information content –during system development, as in defining the schemas, and during operation, as in ensuring information quality [Vassiliadis et al., 2001].
Systematic process is therefore a central concept in the field, imported initially from practices in large scale engineering projects. The systematic approach is used to control budget, schedule, resources, and opportunities to change course, e.g., to reduce scope, or to realign priorities. Nevertheless, lack of systematic process continues to be a concern, as a contributing factor to poor quality or failure of software and information systems. Substantial efforts are used to institutionalize good practices in processes, through standards, assessment and certification, and process improvement initiatives (e.g., Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) [Chrissi et al., 2003], ISO 9000 [ISO, 1992]). To learn more click here
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Wednesday, November 21, 2012
type of information
Information
System |
Description
|
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Executive Support
Systems
|
An Executive
Support System ("ESS") is designed to help senior management
make strategic decisions. It gathers, analyses and summarises the key
internal and external
information used in
the business.
A good way to think
about an ESS is to imagine the senior management team in an aircraft cockpit
- with the instrument panel showing them the status of all the key business
activities. ESS typically involve lots of data analysis and modelling tools
such as "what-if" analysis to help strategic decision-making.
|
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Management
Information Systems
|
A management
information system ("MIS") is mainly concerned with internal
sources of information. MIS usually take data from the transaction processing
systems (see below) and summarise it into a series of management reports.
MIS reports tend to
be used by middle management and operational supervisors.
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Decision-Support
Systems
|
Decision-support
systems ("DSS") are specifically designed to help management make
decisions in situations where there is uncertainty about the possible
outcomes of those decisions. DSS comprise tools and techniques to help gather
relevant information and analyse the options and alternatives. DSS often
involves use of complex spreadsheet and databases to create
"what-if" models.
|
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Knowledge
Management Systems
|
Knowledge
Management Systems ("KMS") exist to help businesses create and
share information. These are typically used in a business where employees
create new knowledge and expertise - which can then be shared by other people
in the organisation to create further commercial opportunities. Good examples
include firms of lawyers, accountants and management consultants.
KMS are built
around systems which allow efficient categorisation and distribution of
knowledge. For example, the knowledge itself might be contained in word
processing documents, spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations. internet pages
or whatever. To share the knowledge, a KMS would use group collaboration
systems such as an intranet.
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Transaction
Processing Systems
|
As the name
implies, Transaction Processing Systems ("TPS") are designed to
process routine transactions efficiently and accurately. A business will have
several (sometimes many) TPS; for example:
- Billing systems
to send invoices to customers
- Systems to calculate the weekly and monthly payroll and tax payments - Production and purchasing systems to calculate raw material requirements - Stock control systems to process all movements into, within and out of the business |
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Office Automation
Systems
|
Office Automation
Systems are systems that try to improve the productivity of employees who
need to process data and information. Perhaps the best example is the wide
range of software systems that exist to improve the productivity of employees
working in an office (e.g. Microsoft Office XP) or systems that allow
employees to work from home or whilst on the move.
|
information system
An information system (IS)[- is any
combination of information technology and people's activities that support
operations, management and decision making.[ In a very broad sense, the term
information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between
people, processes, data and technology. In this sense, the term is used to
refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization
uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in
support of business processes.
Wednesday, October 17, 2012
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